Nano-manufacturing Nanomanufacturing refers to either the utilization of the bottom-up or top-down approach of particles in the nano scale (Goddard, Brenner, Lyshevski, & Lafrate, 2012). Bottom-up refers to the directed assembly, while the top down refers to a high resolution processing which controls various matters during the nanoscale in 1, 2, 3 dimensions for the reproducible “commercial production” (Luo, Meng, Shao & Zhao, 2010). Apart from that the process of Nanomanufacturing differs from molecular manufacturing which entails, the “specific manufacturing of quite complex nanoscale structures” through a method of total non-biological mechanosynthesis and subsequent assembly (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009). This process is the major means, through which, the nanotechnology and nanoscience promise can be fulfilled. The aim of this research paper discusses the process of Nanomanufacturing, its short history and the benefits and challenges of this technology.

History
In the year 2009, the importance of Nanomanufacturing became quite evident and just like any other technological processes, the first idea of the Nanomanufacturing can be traced to the year 1959 (Goddard et al., 2012; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). The concept was contained in Richard Feynman’s article writings, and lecture known, as “There is plenty of room at the Bottom”. It is through this promising content, that different stakeholders were brought together (Luo et al., 2010). Various governments and organizations all over the world have heavily invested in technology with a view of better comprehending, how it can be positively integrated in the manufacturing industry (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009). During the past 50 years, Nanomanufacturing technology has effectively developed and advanced through the years (Goddard et al., 2012; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011)). Additionally, this technology has also been initiated in other industries and fields with a view of ensuring that maximum benefits linked with this technology can be achieved (Goddard, et al, 2012).

Presently, nanodevices have contributed less than 10 per cent of the total developmental needs. During early 2013, recommendations by the “Presidential Council of Advisers on Science and Technology,”deduced that there was a great need to double the investment research involved in the process of Nanomanufacturing during the next 5 years. Apart from that, the introduction of research in nanomanufacturing has mainly placed emphasis on the collection, sharing, analyzing, modelling and visualization of information with a view of characterising nanomaterials, their design and overall utilization of nanodevices and nanosystems and the whole crucial development. This also includes the process of manufacturing (Goddard et al., 2012; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). Production of high volume necessitates systematic and consistent knowledge of strong product design, synthesis or processing methods, modelling process and finally, inspection and metrology (Luo et al., 2010). It can therefore, be correctly ascertained that the process of nanotechnology plays a vital role in the integration of the different components, with a view of not only optimizing the technology, but the overall process as well (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009).

Conventional experience of Nanomanufacturing has depicted that; indeed there is a need of knowledge regarding the process of integrating engineering through advanced statistics in each and every given stage (Goddard et al., 2012; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). It therefore, involves variables and characteristic method during various length scales (Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). As a result, the process and product variables are hence and even the multiple scales as well (Luo et al., 2010). These characteristics are the scale and therefore, form a multi-phenomenon impact on the general process of nanomanufacturing (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009). The control of the Multi-scale Process or product (MPD) usually calls for a lot of information, as opposed to the variation control experienced in a single scale. Furthermore, the measurement of physical knowledge, data and even observation during the process has not been fully addressed (Goddard et al., 2012). One of the major challenges or hindrances closely associated with such ineffectiveness and failures during such processes is “Scanning Electron Microscope Inspection” (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009). This is because not only is it time consuming, but it is also expensive. In order to minimize costs associated with inspection, collection of data for the control of MPV has to be greatly optimized (Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). As it presently stands, Nanomanufacturing process mainly emphasizes on the processing of either the synthesis or techniques methods of devices or novel fabrication (Goddard et al., 2012; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). According to conducted research, it is very rare for both nanomanufacturing and nanoinformatics to connect to each other in a given control, model and in multi-scale processes or products (Luo et al., 2010). As a result, there are various inefficiencies and challenges, which have affected the manner through which such technology can be enhanced and utilized, as to integrate with the needs or requirements of other technological processes (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009).

Bottom Up Manufacturing
The creation of structures using the “bottom-up manufacturing” usually entails various approaches aimed towards the attainment of the set objectives which can be divided into 3 major categories or groups namely chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and positional assembly (Goddard et al., 2012; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). In this regard, positional assembly is the only known method, which permits the placement of molecules and atoms one after the other (Luo et al., 2010). Large numbers of molecules, atoms or particles are used or established, mainly through the process of chemical synthesis and eventually arranged into a process, desired by the users by processes occurring naturally (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009).

Chemical synthesis refers to a process, used in the production or manufacture of raw materials like molecules or particles (Luo et al., 2010). The same molecules or particles are then used as building blocks of highly sophisticated materials, that are ordered, and are then produced using self-assembly or positional assembly techniques or through disordered product forms in the form of their original bulk (Goddard et al., 2012). The starting level is usually the precursor point whereby the materials can be either in the spatial arrangement or in the multiphase towards the other components (Luo et al., 2010; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). The establishment of a new state or phase can be formed through a chemical step (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009). This therefore, implies that the change of the phase could result in the formation of the nanoparticle, despite established in places where there is the making of the nanoparticles (Goddard et al., 2012). The chemical reaction that emanates from a specific description can be conducted in order to generate the desired material, so long as such a reaction is in a good position through which such particles can be produced (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009). Upon the availability of a further transformation or phase, the final product is eventually produced (Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011).

In most of the circumstances, there are usually higher chances of exposure of the reactants towards the nanoparticles especially when such materials are produced in a gaseous environment (Luo et al., 2010). This is due to the fact that the Nanoparticles have a known tendency of agglomerating, and as a result, are manufactured during the liquid phase thus enabling its surface energies to be better controlled. This minimizes their chances of agglomerating (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). This process is known to minimize the potential of exposure at the employee level (Goddard et al., 2012). The ability to handle the nanomaterials is very vital and thus the mixing of the nanophase materials could be achieved through the use of any process (Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). Some of the known, potential applications include sensors, composites, plastics and the fuel cells (Luo, et al, 2010).

Features like micro/nano, uniformity, and composition structures are normally or usually highly dependent upon the conditions of the process (Luo et al., 2010; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). As a result, the real time process control and optimization for the multi-scale and distributed process systems has grown significantly in order to achieve the high requirements or needs of the quality “nanomaterials” and thus minimize the variability of the overall process (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). The process of the spatial variables has been carried out with more sophisticated application materials (Goddard et al., 2012). From rates of discretization, which range from discrete atoms towards the continuum elements, various techniques have been unveiled for computational domains (Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). On the other hand, the macro scale property are capable of being accomplished based on the distributed parameters (Luo et al., 2010). This is because the microstructure multi-scale distribution of models are capable of predicting or forecasting how microscopic properties have an impact on the changes in parameter processes which are most controllable, (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011).

The inspection of the nanoproducts is a requirement aimed at the minimization of the quality of the MPVs and as a result, the characteristics and patterns, linked towards particular design specification, should be obtained urgently so as to achieve a very effective control of quality (Goddard et al., 2012; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). The current practices in metrology mainly rely on the techniques characterization like the microscopies (Luo et al., 2010). This is because, it is costly, time consuming and even complex for the large scale Nanomanufacturing (Ahmed & Jackson, 2009; Surhone, Tennoe & Henssonow, 2011). Additionally, microscopic images are not normally used directly for the purposes of controlling quality. Apart from that, there are few sites, which are usually present on a specific substrate are sampled, and therefore, the images do not actually fully represent the state of the entire substrate (Goddard et al., 2012).

Conclusion
In conclusion, it can correctly be ascertained that the materials and structures can be enhanced using the process of nanomafucaturing. This is because such properties are normally stronger, durable, self-cleaning, anti-reflective, water-repellent, antifog, lighter, electrically conductive, scratch resistant and they have other numerous traits. Indeed, a vast range of products are nanotechnology enabled. For instance baseball bats and tennis rackets have the ability of proving that indeed, nanotechnology is capable of bringing new changes towards the comforts of the current lives. Nanotechnology therefore, has a high potential of increasing the storage capacity of information in the future, on a very massive level. Applications of nano manufacturing range from basic products to specific and scientific materials and equipment. The future of nano-manufacturing is great as more research is being conducted to break the barriers associated with production in the nano-scale size. As technology advances, so will frther advancements in Nanotechnology and nanomanufacturing. Material properties of products that have been nano-manufactured have proven to be much better and the future will see more products being manufactured under the same process.