Although each work has a different focus, there are great similarities between Faleh Abdul-Jabar’s Ayatollahs, Sufis and ideologues: state, religion and social movements in Iraq, Abbas Amanat’s Apocalyptic Islam and Iranian Shiism and Homa Katouzian’s, The Persians: ancient, medieval and modern Iran. Theology There are clear differences among the writings...

The 1925 Geneva Protocol, an international treaty, specifically disallowed the use of chemical and biological weapons in warfare. While there were other instances of violations of the treaty, by far the most high-profile is the case of the Iran-Iraq War, which lasted from 1980-1988. Partly because of the international reaction...

IntroductionThe following is an analysis of the domestic policies of the Shah of Iran concerning the economic factors that were the dominant reason the Iranian Revolution of 1979 took place. Further analysis will look at the ideology of Ayatollah Khomeini that was the second most dominant causal factor behind the...

During the 19th and early 20th century, the current territories of Iran and Iraq were controlled by the Qajar Persian/Iranian dynasty with regard to the former, and the Ottoman Empire with regard to the latter. Between these two geopolitical powers, who shared clearly shared borders, there was a natural tension...

Over the last two decades, the world has experienced a myriad of challenges regarding peace and stability. In most cases, the situation embraces overthrowing of regimes such as in the case of Libya, Iraq and more recent in Syria. A majority of the governments have not been changed for years...