The cardiovascular system constitutes blood, vessels, and heart. According to Rushmer (2013), the circulation system is the body’s main transport system since it carries essential products such as food and oxygen to tissues and cells. In addition, it eliminates carbon dioxide and other waste products. While the heart pumps blood...

Hematocrit is a measure of the volume of red blood cells in the blood. It is calculated as the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total blood volume (consisting of both red blood cells and plasma). For men, the normal hematocrit level typically ranges between 40...

BackgroundGastritis refers to an array of entities that cause inflammation in the gastric mucosa (Feldman, et al. 2002). The clinical presentation of gastritis differs in histologic characteristics. The inflammation may present in the whole stomach or part of the stomach. The most common symptom of gastritis is epigastric discomfort. Loss...

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are the most frequently presented illnesses affecting millions of people of all ages in across both genders. GI symptoms can lead to discomfort that ranges from inconvenience to deep personal anguish. Among these illnesses, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common affecting 10-20 percent of people...

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a common, chronic disease of the human digestive tract. GERD is caused by stomach acid, bile, or stomach contents spilling backwards through the digestive tract and into the esophagus. The substances from the stomach are very irritating the lining of the esophagus and cause pain...