Two years worth of budgets is little enough time to determine trends in budgeting in order to analyze the type of budgeting used, allowing for possible error in identification of budget type when this is all the information to go on. While three or four years worth of budgets would...

Memorandum for: Subject: OMB Proposal Findings and conclusion: There are a number of different arguments in favor of bringing the Department of Homeland Security within the National Intelligence Program. Many of the aims of the DHS are in line with those of NIP (Department of Homeland Security, n.d.; The White...

The data presented pertain to the number of minutes it took to change oil at one company location. The two descriptive statistics collected from these data were (a) mean and (b) standard deviation. Before commenting on these descriptive statistics, it would be appropriate to present the histogram of the data...

There are several different budget models, including formula budgeting, incremental budgeting, responsibility centered budgeting, zero-based budgeting, initiative-based budgeting, and performance-based budgeting (Goldstein, 2012). Whether one of these models or another is used in budgeting, awareness of the different types is necessary to determine the best fit for the given situation...

The Three Legged Stool The Three Legged Stool budgeting analogy as explained by Zimmerman is an organizational architecture consisting of three pillars. A system to measure performance, A system to reward and punish performance, and a system that assigns decision rights. The Ratchet Effect The ratchet effect refers to processes...