Food enters the human digestive system through the mouth, where it is broken down by the chewing action of the teeth and enzymes in saliva (amylase, lysozyme, lipase). The tongue moves the food mass (bolus) into the throat and the food is swallowed via the esophagus into the stomach. Food...

The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ and is located in the upper far left part of the abdomen, behind the stomach and under the diaphragm. It is soft and purple, in the shape of a fist, and approximately 4 inches long. A healthy spleen weighs about six ounces, but...

The heart is the most critical organ in the human body and must function at its full capacity in order to maintain high quality of life and support the function of all other organs and systems. Therefore, a number of characteristics must be considered in order to understand how the...

This review focuses on Andrade, et al’s. (2014). “The clinical profile and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: relationships among clinical features, epidemiology, and mechanisms” published in Circulation research, 114(9). The nature of Atrial Fibrillation notes significance in the growing risks of morbidity and the commonality of the disease as an arrhythmia....

Charles Darwin scarcely mentioned the evolution of humanity in his most famed treatise On the Origin of Species. Darwin had hoped that some other competent evolutionist would trespass that taboo whenever the time was right. The naturalist realized in his increasingly fragile age that he would have to be the...