The characterization of excessive or compulsive behaviors as non-substance addictions is a current controversy in psychological research. During the development of the DSM-5, workgroups were assigned to determine if any behavioral “addictions” could be listed with comparable criteria to substance addictions. Only one, gambling disorder, was considered to have sufficient...

The foundation of science and experiments are questions. We wonder about how something is created or changes when we do something to it and the questioning process begins. In science these types of questions can transform into what is known as a hypothesis. This paper describes what are hypotheses and...

Opioid addiction is very difficult to treat successfully or permanently (Park & Friedmann, 1997). The use of opioid replacement therapy or partial opioid treatment to prevent relapse in persons in treatment for opioid addiction or opioid withdrawal has proven successful in many cases (Vo, Robbins, Westwood, Lezama, & Fishman, 2016)....

Addiction is not a disease, but rather it is a Choice. The compelling, multidimensional argument that conceptualizes drug addiction as a disease is misleading as well as erroneous. Best survey data existing reflects that many drug addicts can quit their addiction, factual information that is inconsistent with a disease model...

Among hypertension, asthma, and cardiovascular disease, is another very serious problem: drug addiction. Addiction to drugs, alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, etc. does not harm any one particular age group but rather is harmful to all the age groups. The scary part is that any person, at any age can get addicted...